Carbon Nanomaterials for Water Desalination by Capacitive Deionization

Abstract

This chapter summarizes the basics and the theory behind capacitive deionization (CDI). Alongside with reporting on carbon materials used for CDI, it provides guidelines and strategies for a rational design of porous carbon electrodes for desalination applications. The chapter discusses different CDI cell geometries, followed by different approaches to testing desalination performance, and then different modes of applying an electrical driving force. Future systems may include monolithic foams or self-assembled hierarchic porous thin films. In this line of thought, the next generation of CDI electrode design may use asymmetry in regards to specific surface area (SSA), film thickness, or point of zero charge (PZC). The ability to utilize material composites may not only yield more efficient CDI systems, but may also help to abate detrimental aspects, such as biofouling or irreversible electrochemical (EC) material degradation.